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Showing posts with label Interview Questions. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Interview Questions. Show all posts

Sunday, February 26, 2017

HR interview questions and answers for freshers

Did you face any difficulty in finding this place?
The interviewer usually asks this question to initiate the talk and put the candidate to ease. You can smile and answer this question by saying: “It wasn’t difficult to find this place.”

Tell me something about your self.
This is the most commonly asked first question in any interview and the one which can set a ground for rest of your interview. Include details like: Your education background (not beyond 12th standard), some information about your family – father’s profession, mother’s profession, number of siblings (no need to get into their educational details) and some information about your extracurricular activities or hobbies.

Why does this role interest you? Or why have you applied for this job?
The purpose of this question is to see if you are really interested in this job or you applied to this job just because you are jobless. Relate the job requirements with your candidature and explain why do you believe you are a suitable candidate for this job.

Why do you think should we take you for this job?
This is another way of asking the last question. A company will want to hire you if you can add some value to it. So, focus your answer on your skills and how they can be helpful for the position you are being interviewed for. Also, tell them about your ability to grasp new things quickly, adjust well into a team and flexible attitude. These are the qualities that employers usually seek in a fresh graduate.Remember to keep an example ready for each personal quality you offer.

Are you an Introvert or Extrovert?
Being on either of the extremes at work can be bad for you and the company. Your behaviour at work should be as per the requirement. To answer this question you can say something like: I behave as per the requirement of the situation. For e.g. If I am representing the company at an event which requires me to talk to a lot of people, I become an extrovert while if there is some serious issue under discussion, I think quietly and deeply on it.

What is your greatest strength?
This is also one of the most commonly asked questions in any interview. Your answer to this question demonstrates your preparation for the interview. Your same set of strengths can not be an advantage in every interview. This needs you to tailor make your answer as per the requirement of the position you are being interviewed for.
Before every interview, analyse the requirements of the role carefully and list out the qualities required to perform that role. Now, make a list of the qualities you have and match them with the requirements. You can offer these qualities as your strength for the role.

What do you want to achieve in the next 5 years?
This answer shows your ability to make plans for yourself, have an ambitious but realistic plan:
- Say you would like to acquire certain skills and move up the ladder
- If you are interested in Management, say you would like to take up a part-time course/full time course in x years time.

Would you be open to change your project/profile when required?
This is very important for a company, they want employees who are willing to change roles, to meet business demands, so the typical answer here is “Yes”. Say “I understand it will be in best interest of the business, if my manager wants me to develop my skills and take up another role.”
What skills do you want to develop to succeed in this role?
Again talk about some key skills that are necessary for the role, this will show them that you are ready to learn and are aware of your shortcomings.
Tell them that you, as a fresher, have the ability but require formal training to enhance your skills for a professional environment

Are you planning to go for further studies?
This answer needs to be answered tactfully, they want to know whether you are going to stay for long or you are just there to use their training resources and then say goodbye in 6 month’s time.
- If you are pursuing further studies, say so. Tell them why you want to go for that course
- If you are taking up a distance education course or a part time course, they should know, as you will need to take leaves when you appear for exams

What newspaper/magazine/book do you read?
- Browse through the newspaper that morning they might ask you what was the front page headline, they might ask you your favorite columnists name.
- Same goes for the magazine, make sure you have read the last edition
- When giving names of books, remember the author(s) name(s) and be ready to give out some summary of the book

Tell me something about yourself that is not written in your resume.
If you missed out on some points while writing your resume this is your chance to discuss them:
- While talking about yourself, be confident, but not over confident.
- Do not praise yourself all the time
- You could discuss some personal traits or acheivements.

Do you know anyone who works with this company?
It is fine if you do not know anyone, but if you know it will be good to give out the name:
- This shows them about your level of interest, and it is human nature if you know someone who works there you will ask them for feedback about the company or the role.
- They could ask that person for your reference.

What is your greatest weakness?
This is another common question which increases the anxiety level of the candidate. The interviewer is not interested in your answer to the question unless you tell about a weakness which will directly affect the work. He is more interested in the way you deal with the question.
Here are some ways to deal with the question:
a.) Offer a weakness absolutely un-related to work – For e.g. I can’t cook though I have been staying alone for years now.
b.) Offer a strength posing it to be a weakness – For e.g. My friends often accuse me of being too conscious about the time to do everything but for me it is discipline and punctuality.
c.) Offer a humorous weakness – For e.g. I have a passion for speed and bikes are my weakness.

What is your greatest achievement?
I stood first in the order of merit in class Xth sounds like you haven’t achieved anything big since then. Find out something from the near past that makes you proud of yourself. If you do not find an aswer to this question in your professional or academic life, it is absolutely fine to offer an answer from your social life. For e.g. I managed to save the life of an accident struck stranger by taking him to the hospital on time and donating a bottle of blood for him. This example demonstrates that you are a responsible person.

What was your biggest mistake?
To answer this question try to find out a mistake you did long back. It demonstrates that you have not committed a mistake as big as that since then.

Where do you see yourself 5 years from now?
The purpose of this question is to see if the candidate is ambitious enough to grow. Recruiting a candidate is a time consuming and costly affair so they also want to see if the candidate is over ambitious to stay in the company for long.
You can say something like “5 years down the line I would like to see myself in a responsible position where I can make important decisions for company and the company treats me as its asset. I am sure that this company can offer me such growth opportunities.

Are you speaking to some other companies? Or how is your job search going on?
The purpose of this question is to see if other companies are also interested in hiring you. If you are in discussion with some other companies you can say, Yes, I am in discussion with some other companies and waiting for the results.

Which companies are you talking to?
This can be the very obvious next question you may face. If you are not comfortable in revealing the names of the companies you can simply say, “I respect the confidentiality of those companies so I would not like to name them in the interview.”

Why haven’t you got a job yet?
This question will usually arise if it has been sometime since you finished your studies and are still in the market without a job.
You can say that, I have been offered some tempting positions in the last few days but had to turn them down as I did not find them right for my candidature. You can follow it up with some examples.

Are you ready to relocate?
Say yes only if you mean yes. The employer might be planning to recruit you for a position in some other city or might have a plan to shift you after some months. Giving them a false hope will not be good on your part professionally.

How do you feel about doing repetitive work?
Any job you take up will have an element of redundancy and the interviewer wants to see if you get bored of it. You can say something like: I like to do creative work but I also know that any job has an element of redundancy. So, it is fine with me.

Are there any kinds of people you can not work with?
Most of the work these days requires you to work in teams. This needs you to be able to adjust with all type of people. So, you can say something like, I am fine with working all type of people as long as they are sincere to their work.

If you face a problem with your own performance, what would you do?
Your answer to this question signifies whether you can identify problems with yourself or not. So, you can say something like: “If I see a problem with my own performance, I’ll try to find out and analyse the factors behind it & work on each of them.”


Saturday, February 11, 2017

#IBM_JAVA_CODING_ROUND

Guys find the below questions which asked most of the time in IBM Coding round. Prepare well all below 15 questions. Defiantly you will increase your chance for clear coding round of IBM by 70 Percentage.

  • 1. WAP to enter a string then convert it into upper case
  • 2. WAP to enter a string then convert it into lower case
  • 3. WAP to enter the String then remove vowels from the string.
  • 4. WAP to enter the string remove the blank spaces from the string.
  • 5. WAP to enter a sentence then find 2 last word of sentence
  • 6. WAP to enter a string then convert the string into reverse order.
  • 7. WAP to enter the string then find the respective ascii value of the string.
  • 8. WAP to enter the string then count the length of the string.
  • 9. WAP to enter the sentence then find the word from the sentence.
  • 10.WAP to enter the string then delete the vowels from string.
  • 11.WAP to enter the string then count the length of string.
  • 12.WAP to enter the sentence then print it in reverse order
  • 13.WAP to enter a string then count the no. of vowels in the string.
  • 14.WAP which will take input as ABCD and will give the output as BCDE
  • 15.WAP to enter a string then print the longest String in java string array.


Monday, January 2, 2017

Electronics Graduates..Are you ready for interview?
Here is some useful stuff, where you can brush up the basics in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

Q. What is engineering?A. The application of science to the needs of humanity and a profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to use economically the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
Q. What is the difference between Electronics and Electrical?
A. Electronics work on DC and with a voltage range of -48vDC to +48vDC. If the electronic device is plugged into a standard wall outlet, there will be a transformer inside which will convert the AC voltage you are supplying to the required DC voltage needed by the device. Examples: Computer, radio, T.V, etc...
Electric devices use line voltage (120vAC, 240vAC, etc...). Electric devices can also be designed to operate on DC sources, but will be at DC voltages above 48v. Examples: are incandescent lights, heaters, fridge, stove, etc...
Q. What is Electronics?
A. The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles.
Q. What is Communication?
A. Communication means transferring a signal from the transmitter which passes through a medium then the output is obtained at the receiver. (or)communication says as transferring of message from one place to another place called communication.

Q. Define the terms.
A 1.Resistor: A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit.
2.Capacitor : A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field.
3.Diode: A diode is a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only.
4.Transistor: A transistor is a semiconductor device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.
Q. What is microprocessor?
A. A microprocessor is a program controlled semi conductor device (IC), which fetches, decodes and execute instructions.
Q. What is microcontroller?
A. A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory for the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit.
Q. What are the basic units of microprocessor?
A. The basic units or blocks of microprocessor are ALU, an array of registers and control unit.
Q. What is a bus?
A. Bus is a group of conducting lines that carries data, address and control signals.
Q. What is a signal?
A. a signal is an electric current or electromagnetic field used to convey data from one place to another.
Q. What is sampling?
A.The process of obtaining a set of samples from a continuous function of time x(t) is referred to as sampling.
Q. State sampling theorem.
A.It states that, while taking the samples of a continuous signal, it has to be taken care that the sampling rate is equal to or greater than twice the cut off frequency and the minimum sampling rate is known as the Nyquist rate.
Q. What is cut-off frequency?
A. The frequency at which the response is -3dB with respect to the maximum response.
Q. What is pass band?
A. Passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through a filter without being attenuated.
Q. What is the principle of microwave?
A. Microwave essentially means very short wave. The microwave frequency spectrum is usually taken to extend from 1GHZ to 30GHZ. The main reason why we have to go in for microwave frequency for communication is that lower frequency band are congested and demand for point to point communication continue to increase. The propagation of the microwave takes place in spacewave in v
Q. What is the principle of microwave?
A. Microwave essentially means very short wave. The microwave frequency spectrum is usually taken to extend from 1GHZ to 30GHZ. The main reason why we have to go in for microwave frequency for communication is that lower frequency band are congested and demand for point to point communication continue to increase. The propagation of the microwave takes place in spacewave in view of high gain and directivity in the form of a bean and is similar to that of light.
Q. What is latch up?
A.Latch-up pertains to a failure mechanism wherein a parasitic thyristor (such as a parasitic silicon controlled rectifier, or SCR) is inadvertently created within a circuit, causing a high amount of current to continuously flow through it once it is accidentally triggered or turned on. Depending on the circuits involved, the amount of current flow produced by this mechanism can be large enough to result in permanent destruction of the device due to electrical overstress (EOS) .
Q.Why is NAND gate preferred over NOR gate for fabrication?
A.NAND is a better gate for design than NOR because at the transistor level the mobility of electrons is normally three times that of holes compared to NOR and thus the NAND is a faster gate.

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Saturday, December 10, 2016

Ques.1. What is database testing?
Ans. Database testing is checking the integrity of actual data in the front end with the data present in the database. It involves validating the data in the database, checking that there are no orphan records (record with a foreign key to a parent record that has been deleted"), no junk records are present, updating records in database and verify the value in the front end.

Ques.2. What is RDBMS?
Ans. An RDBMS or Relational Database Management System is a type of DBMS having relationships between the tables using indexes and different constraints like primary key, foreign key etc. The use of indexes and constraints helps in faster retreival and better management of data within the databases.

Ques.3. What is the difference between DBMS and RDBMS?
Ans. The primary difference between DBMS and RDBMS is, in RDBMS we have relations between the tables of the database. Whereas in DBMS there is no relation between the tables(data may even be stored in files).
RDBMS has primary keys and data is stored in tables. DBMS has no concept of primary keys with data stored in navigational or hierarchical form.
RDBMS defines integrity constraints in order to follow ACID properties. While DBMS doesn't follow ACID properties.

Ques.4. What is a database?
Ans. A database is a structured collection of data for faster and better access, storage and manipulation of data.
A database can also be defined as collection of tables, schema, views and other database objects.

Ques.5. What is a table?
Ans. Tables are the database object that are used for storing related records in the form of rows and columns.

Ques.6. What is field in a table?
Ans. A field is an entity used for storing a particular type of data within a table like numbers, characters, dates etc.

Ques.7. What is a tuple, record or row in a table?
Ans. A tuple or record is an ordered set of related data item in a table.

Ques.8. What is SQL?
Ans. SQL stands for Structured Query Language, it is an language used for creating, storing, fetching and updating of data and database objects in RDBMS.

Ques.9. What are the different types of SQL commands?
Ans. SQL commands are the set of commands used to communicate and manage the data present in the database. The different type of SQL commands are-

DDL - Data Definition Language
DML - Data Manipulation Language
DCL - Data Control Language
TCL - Transactional Control Language

Ques.10. Explain DDL commands. What are the different DDL commands in SQL?
Ans. DDL refers to Data Definition Language, it is used to define or alter the structure of the database. The different DDL commands are-

CREATE - Used to create table in the database
DROP - Drops the table from the database
ALTER - Alters the structure of the database
TRUNCATE - Deletes all the records from the database but not its database structure
RENAME - Renames a database object

Ques.11. Explain DML commands. What are the different DML commands in SQL?
Ans. DML refers to Data Manipulation Language, it is used for managing data present in the database. Some of the DML commands are-select, insert, update, delete etc.

Ques.12. Explain DCL commands. What are the different DCL commands in SQL?
Ans. DCL refers to Data Control Language, these commands are used to create roles, grant permission and control access to the database objects. The three DCL commands are-

GRANT - Grants permission to a database user
REVOKE - Removes access privileges from a user provided with the GRANT command
Deny - Explicitly prevents a user from receiving a particular permission(e.g. preventing a particular user belonging to a group to receive the access controls

Ques.13. Explain TCL commands. What are the different TCL commands in SQL?
Ans. TCL refers to Transaction Control Language, it is used to manage the changes made by DML statements. These are used to process a group of SQL statements comprising a logical unit. The three TCL commands are-

COMMIT - Commit write the changes to the database
SAVEPOINT - Savepoints are the breakpoints, these divide the transaction into smaller logical units which could be further roll-backed.
ROLLBACK - Rollbacks are used to restore the database since a last commit.

Ques.14. What are SQL constraints?
Ans. SQL constraints are the set of rules that impose some restriction while insertion, deletion or updation of data in the databases. In SQL we have both column level as well as table level constraints which are applied at columns and tables respectively. Some of constraints in SQL are - Primary Key, Foreign Key, Unique Key Key, Not NULL, DEFUALT, CHECK and Index constraint.

Ques.15. What is a Unique constraint?
Ans. A unique constraint is used to ensure that the field/column will have only unique value(no duplication).

Ques.16. What is a Primary Key?
Ans. A primary key is a column or a combination of columns which uniquely identifies a record in the database. A primary key can only have unique and not NULL values and there can be only one primary key in a table.

Ques.17. What is the difference between unique key and primary key?
Ans. A unique key allows null value(although only one) but a primary key doesn't allow null values. A table can have more than one unique keys columns while there can be only one primary key. A unique key column creates non-clustered index whereas primary key creates a clustered index on the column.

Ques.18. What is a composite key?
Ans. A composite key is a primary key with multiple columns as in case of some tables a single field might not guarantee unique and not null values, so a combination of multiple fields is taken as primary key.

Ques.19. What is a NULL value?
Ans. A NULL value in SQL is an unknown or blank value. Since NULL is unknown value so, NULL value cannot be compared with another NULL values. Hence we cannot use '=' operator in where condition with NULL. For this, we have IS NULL clause that checks if the value in field is NULL or not.

Ques.20. What is a Not Null constraint?
Ans. A Not NULL constraint is used for ensuring that the value in the field cannot be NULL.

Ques.21. What is a Foreign Key?
Ans. A foreign key is used for enforcing referential integrity in which a field marked as foriegn key in one table is linked with primary key of another table. With this refrential integrity we can have only the data in foreign key which matches the data in the primary key of the other table.

Ques.22. What is a Check constraint?
Ans. A check constraint is used to limit the value entered in a field. E.g. we can ensure that field 'Salary' can only have value greater than 1000 using check constraint-

CREATE TABLE EMP_SALARY(EmpID int NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (30) NOT NULL, Salary INT CHECK (AGE > 1000), PRIMARY KEY (EmpID));

Ques.23. What is a Default constraint?
Ans. A Default constraint is used for providing a default value to a column when no value is supplied at the time of insertion of record in the database.

Ques.24. What is a clustered index?
Ans. Clustered indexes physically sort the rows in the table based on the clustering key(by default primary key). Clustered index helps in fast retrieval of data from the databases. There can be only one clustered index in a table.

Ques.25. What is a non-clustered index?
Ans. Non clustered indexes have a jump table containing key-values pointing to row in the table corresponding to the keys. There can be multiple clustered indexes in a table.

Ques.26. What is the difference between delete, truncate and drop command?
Ans. The difference between the Delete, Truncate and Drop command is -

Delete command is a DML command, it removes rows from table based on the condition specified in the where clause, being a DML statement we can rollback changes made by delete command.
Truncate is a DDL command, it removes all the rows from table and also frees the space held unlike delete command. It takes lock on the table while delete command takes lock on rows of table.
Drop is a DDL command, it removes the complete data along with the table structure(unlike truncate command that removes only the rows).

Ques.27. What are the different types of joins in SQL?
Ans. Joins are used to combine records from multiple tables. The different types of joins in SQL are-

Inner Join - To fetch rows from two tables having matching data in the specified columns of both the tables.
SELECT * FROM TABLE1 INNER JOIN TABLE2 ON TABLE1.columnA = TABLE2.columnA;

Left Join - To fetch all rows from left table and matching rows of the right table
SELECT * FROM TABLE1 LEFT JOIN TABLE2 ON TABLE1.columnA = TABLE2.columnA;

Right Join - To fetch all rows from right table and matching rows of the left table
SELECT * FROM TABLE1 RIGHT JOIN TABLE2 ON TABLE1.columnA = TABLE2.columnA;

Full Outer Join - To fetch all rows of left table and all rows of right table
SELECT * FROM TABLE1 FULL OUTER JOIN TABLE2 ON TABLE1.columnA = TABLE2.columnA;

Self Join - Joining a table to itself, for referencing its own data
SELECT * FROM TABLE1 T1, TABLE1 T2 WHERE T1.columnA = T2.columnB;

Ques.28. What is the difference between cross join and full outer join?
Ans. A cross join returns cartesian product of the two tables, so there is no condition or on clause as each row of tabelA is joined with each row of tableB whereas a full outer join will join the two tables on the basis of condition specified in the on clause and for the records not satisfying the condition null value is placed in the join result.

Ques.29. What are difference between having and where clause?
Ans. A 'where' clause is used to fetch data from database that specifies a particular criteria (specified after the where clause). Whereas a 'having' clause is used along with 'groupby' to fetch data that meets a particular criteria specified by the aggregate function. For example-

Emp_Project
Employee Project
A P1
B P2
C P3
B P3
In the above table if we want to fetch Employee working in project P2, we will use 'where' clause-

Select Employee from Emp_Project wh2ere Project = P2;

Now if we want to fetch Employee who is working on more than one project, for this we will first have to group the Employee column along with count of project and than the 'having' clause can be used to fetch relevant records-

Select Employee from Emp_Project groupby Employee having count(Project)>1;

Ques.30. What is the difference between Union and Union All command?
Ans. The fundamental difference between Union and Union All command is, Union is by default distinct i.e. it combines the distinct result set of two or more select statements. Whereas, Union combines all the rows including duplicates in the result set of different select statements.

Ques.31. Define the select into statement.
Ans. Select into statement is used to directly select data from one table and insert into other, the new table gets created with same name and type as of the old table-
SELECT * INTO newtable FROM oldTable;

Ques.32. What is a View in SQL?
Ans. A view is virtual table, it is a named set of SQL statements which can be later referenced and used as a table.

CREATE VIEW VIEW_NAME AS
SELECT COLUMN1, COLUMN2
FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION;

Ques.33. Can we use 'where' clause with 'groupby'?
Ans. Yes, we can use 'where' clause with 'groupBy'. The rows that doesn't meet the where conditions are removed first and then the grouping is done based on the groupby column.
SELECT Employee, Count(Project )
FROM Emp_Project
WHERE Employee != 'A'
GROUP BY Project;

Ques.34. What is Database Normalisation?
Ans. Database normalisation is the process of organisation of data in order to reduce the redundancy and anamolies in the database. We have different Normalisation forms in SQL like - First Normal Form, Second Normal Form, Third Normal Form and BCNF.

Ques.35. Explain First Normal Form(1NF).
Ans. According to First Normal Form a column cannot have multiple values, each value in the columns must be atomic.

Ques.36. Explain Second Normal Form(2NF).
Ans. For a table to be considered in Second Normal Form, it must follow 1NF and no column should be dependent on the primary key.

Ques.37. Explain Third Normal Form(3NF).
Ans. For a table to be Third Normla Form, it must follow 2NF and each non-prime attribute must be dependent on primary key of the table.
For each functional dependency X -> Y either-
X should be the super key or Y should be the prime attribute(part of one of the candidate keys) of table

Ques.38. Explain Boyce and Codd Normal Form(BCNF).
Ans. BCNF is the advanced or stricter version of 3NF.
For each functional dependency X -> Y-
X should be the super key

Ques.39. What are transactions in SQL?
Ans. Transaction is a set of operations performed in a logical sequence. It is executed as a whole, if any statement in the transaction fails, the whole transaction is marked as failed and not committed to the database.

Ques.40. What are ACID properties?
Ans. ACID properties refers to the four properties of transactions in SQL-

Atomicity - All the operations in the transaaction are performed as a whole or not performed at all.
Consistency - State of database changes only on successfull committed transaction.
Isolation - Even with concurrent execution of the multiple transactions, the final state of the DB would be same as if transactions got executed sequentially. In otehr words each transaction is isolated from one another.
Durability - Even in the state of crash or power loss the state of committed transaction remain persistent.

Ques.41. What are locks in SQL?
Ans. Locks in SQL are used for maintaining database integrity in case of concurrent execution of same peice of data.

Ques.42. What are the different types of locks in database?
Ans. The different types of locks in database are-

Shared locks - Allows data to be read-only(Select operations), prevents the data to be updated when in shared lock.
Update locks - Applied to resources that can be updated. There can be only one update lock on a data at a time.
Exclusive locks - Used to lock data being modified(INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE) by one transaction thus ensuring that multiple updates cannot be made to the same resource at the same time.
Intent locks - A notification mechanism usinh which a transaction conveys that intends to acquire lock on data.
Schema locks- Used for operations when schema or structure of the database is required to be updated.
Bulk Update locks - Used in case of bulk operations when the TABLOCK hint is used.

Ques.43. What are aggregate functions in SQL?
Ans. Aggregate functions are the SQL functions which return a single value calculated from multiple values of columns. Some of the aggregate functions in SQL are-

Count() - Returns the count of the number of rows returned by the SQL expression
Max() - Returns the max value out of the total values
Min() - Returns the min value out of the total values
Avg() - Returns the average of the total values
Sum() - Returns the sum of the values returned by the SQL expression

Ques.44. What are scalar functions in SQL?
Ans. Scalar functions are the functions that return a single value by processing a single value in SQL. Some of the wodely used SQL functions are-

UCASE() - USed to convert a string to upper case
LCASE() - Used to convert a string to lower case
ROUND() - Used to round a number to the decimal places specified
NOW() - Used to fetch current system date and time
LEN() - Used to find length of a string
SUBSTRING() or MID() - MID and SUBSTRING are synonyms in SQL. They are used to extract a substring from a string by specifying the start and end index. Syntax - SUBSTRING(ColumnName,startIndex,EndIndex).
LOCATE() - Used to find the index of the character in a string. Syntax - LOCATE(character,ColumnName)
LTRIM() - Used to trim spaces from left
RTRIM() - Used to trim spaces from right

Ques.45. What is a coalesce function?
Ans. Coalesce function is used to return the first not NULL value out of the multiple values or expressions passed to the coalesce function as parameters.Example-
COALESCE(NULL, NULL, 5, 'ArtOfTesting') will return the value 5.
COALESCE(NULL, NULL, NULL) will return NULL value as no not NULL value is encountered in the parameters list.

Ques.46. What are cursors in SQL?
Ans. Cursors are objects in SQL that are used to traverse the result set of a SQL query one by one.

Ques.47. What are stored procedures? Explain there advanatages?
Ans. Stored procedures are SQL procedures(bunch of SQL statements) that are stored in the database and can be called by other procedures, triggers and other applications.

CREATE PROCEDURE
procedureName
AS
Begin
Set of SQL statements
End

The advantages of stored procedure are-

Stored procedures improve performance as the procedures are pre-compiled as well as cached.
Make queries easliy maintanable and reusable as any change is required to be made at single location.
Reduce network usage and traffic.
Improve security as stored procedures restrict direct access to the database.

Ques.48. What are triggers in SQL?
Ans. Triggers are special type of stored procedures that get executed when a specified event occurs. Syntax-

CREATE TRIGGER
triggerName
triggerTime{Before or After}
triggerEvent{Insert, Update or Delete}
ON tableName
FOR EACH ROW
triggerBody

Ques.49. What are orphan records?
Ans. Orphan records are the records having foreign key to a parent record which doesn't exist or got deleted.

Ques.50. How can we remove orphan records from a table?
Ans. In order to remove orphan records from database we need to create a join on the parent and child tables and then remove the rows from child table where id IS NULL.

DELETE PT
FROM ParentTable PT
LEFT JOIN ChildTable CT
ON PT.ID = CT.ID
WHERE PT.ID IS NULL

*Remember: Delete with joins requires name/alias before from clause in order to specify the table of which data is to be deleted.



Friday, December 9, 2016

Basic interview questions:

  • *.Tell me about yourself.
  • *.What are your strengths?
  • *.What are your weaknesses?
  • *.Why do you want this job?
  • *.Where would you like to be in your career five years from now?
  • *.What's your ideal company?
  • *.What attracted you to this company?
  • *.Why should we hire you?
  • *.What did you like least about your last job?
  • *.When were you most satisfied your job?
  • *.What can you do for us that other candidates can't? 
  • *.What were the responsibilities of your last position? 
  • *.Why are you leaving your present job?
  • *.What do you know about this industry? 
  • *.What do you know about our company? 
  • *.Are you willing to relocate? 
  • *.Do you have any questions for me?

Behavioral interview questions:

  • *.What was the last project you led, and what was its outcome? 
  • *.Give me an example of a time that you felt you went above and beyond the call of duty at work. 
  • *.Can you describe a time when your work was criticized? 
  • *.Have you ever been on a team where someone was not pulling their own weight? How did you handle it? 
  • *.Tell me about a time when you had to give someone difficult feedback. How did you handle it?
  • *.What is your greatest failure, and what did you learn from it?
  • *.How do you handle working with people who annoy you?
  • *.If I were your supervisor and asked you to do something that you disagreed with, what would you do?
  • *.What was the most difficult period in your life, and how did you deal with it?
  • *.Give me an example of a time you did something wrong.How did you handle it?
  • *.Tell me about a time where you had to deal with conflict on the job. 
  • *.If you were at a business lunch and you ordered a rare steak and they brought it to you well done, what would you do?
  • *.If you found out your company was doing something against the law, like fraud, what would you do? 
  • *.What assignment was too difficult for you, and how did you resolve the issue? 
  • *.What's the most difficult decision you've made in the last two years and how did you come to that decision?
  • *.Describe how you would handle a situation if you were required to finish multiple tasks by the end of the day, and there was no conceivable way that you could finish them.
Salary questions:
  • *.What salary are you seeking?
  • *.What's your salary history?
  • *.If I were to give you this salary you requested but let you write your job description for the next year, what would it say?
Career development questions:

  • *.What are you looking for in terms of career development?
  • *.How do you want to improve yourself in the next year?
  • *.What kind of goals would you have in mind if you got this job? 
  • *.If I were to ask your last supervisor to provide you additional training or exposure, what would she suggest?

Getting started questions:

  • *.How would you go about establishing your credibility quickly with the team?
  • *.How long will it take for you to make a significant contribution?
  • *.What do you see yourself doing within the first 30 days of this job?
  • *.If selected for this position, can you describe your strategy for the first 90 days?

More questions about you:

  • *.How would you describe your work style?
  • *.What would be your ideal working environment? 
  • *.What do you look for in terms of culture -- structured or entrepreneurial?
  • *.Give examples of ideas you've had or implemented.
  • *.What techniques and tools do you use to keep yourself organized? 
  • *.If you had to choose one, would you consider yourself a big-picture person or a detail-oriented person? 
  • *.Tell me about your proudest achievement. 
  • *.Who was your favorite manager and why? 
  • *.What do you think of your previous boss?
  • *.Was there a person in your career who really made a difference? 
  • *.What kind of personality do you work best with and why?
  • *.What are you most proud of? 
  • *.What do you like to do? 
  • *.What are your lifelong dreams? 
  • *.What do you ultimately want to become? 
  • *.What is your personal mission statement? 
  • *.What are three positive things your last boss would say about you? 
  • *.What negative thing would your last boss say about you? 
  • *.What three character traits would your friends use to describe you?
  • *.What are three positive character traits you don't have? 
  • *.If you were interviewing someone for this position, what traits would you look for? 
  • *.List five words that describe your character. 
  • *.Who has impacted you most in your career and how? 
  • *.What is your greatest fear?
  • *.What is your biggest regret and why? 
  • *.What's the most important thing you learned in school? 
  • *.Why did you choose your major? 
  • *.What will you miss about your present/last job? 
  • *.What is your greatest achievement outside of work?
  • *.What are the qualities of a good leader? A bad leader?
  • *.Do you think a leader should be feared or liked? 
  • *.How do you feel about taking no for an answer? 
  • *.How would you feel about working for someone who knows less than you? 
  • *.How do you think I rate as an interviewer? 
  • *.Tell me one thing about yourself you wouldn't want me to know. 
  • *.Tell me the difference between good and exceptional. 
  • *.What kind of car do you drive?
  • *.There's no right or wrong answer, but if you could be anywhere in the world right now, where would you be?
  • *.What's the last book you read?
  • *.What magazines do you subscribe to? 
  • *.What's the best movie you've seen in the last year? 
  • *.What would you do if you won the lottery? 
  • *.Who are your heroes?
  • *.What do you like to do for fun?
  • *.What do you do in your spare time? 
  • *.What is your favorite memory from childhood?

Brainteasers:

  • *.How many times do a clock's hands overlap in a day?
  • *.How would you weigh a plane without scales?
  • *.Tell me 10 ways to use a pencil other than writing.
  • *.Sell me this pencil.
  • *.If you were an animal, which one would you want to be?
  • *.Why is there fuzz on a tennis ball?
  • *.If you could choose one superhero power, what would it be and why?
  • *.If you could get rid of any one of the US states, which one would you get rid of and why? 
  • *.With your eyes closed, tell me step-by-step how to tie my shoes.


Tuesday, May 27, 2014

Question-165:What is JDBC?
Answer:
JDBC is a Java API that is used to connect and execute query to the database. JDBC API uses jdbc drivers to connects to the database.


Question-166: What is JDBC Driver?
Answer:
JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the database.There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:
JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
Native-API driver (partially java driver) Network Protocol driver (fully java driver) Thin driver (fully java driver).


Question-167: What are the steps to connect to database in java?
Answer:

  • Register the driver class
  • Creating connection
  • Creating statement
  • Executing queries
  • Closing connection.



Question-165: What is the difference between Statement and PreparedStatement interface?
Answer:
In case of Statement, query is complied each time whereas in case of PreparedStatement, query is complied only once. So performance of PreparedStatement is better than Statement.


Question-169: How can we execute stored procedures and functions?
Answer:
By using Callable statement interface, we can execute procedures and functions.


Question-170: How can we store and retrieve images from the database?
Answer:
By using PreparedStaement interface, we can store and retrieve images.


Question-161: What is Locale?
Answer:
A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region.


Question-162: How will you load a specific locale?
Answer:
By ResourceBundle.getBundle(?) method.

Java Bean Interview Questions


Question-163: What is a JavaBean?
Answer:
are reusable software components written in the Java programming language, designed to be manipulated visually by a software develpoment environment, like JBuilder or VisualAge for Java.

RMI Interview Questions


Question-164: Can RMI and Corba based applications interact?
 Answer:
Yes they can. RMI is available with IIOP as the transport protocol instead of JRMP.

JDBC Interview Questions

Question-148:What are wrapper classes?
 Answer:
Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects.


Question-149: What is a native method?
Answer:
A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java.


Question-150: What is the purpose of the System class?
Answer:
The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources.


Question-151: What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in Java?
Answer:
Object cloning.


Question-152: What is singleton class?
Answer:
Singleton class means that any given time only one instance of the class is present, in one JVM. AWT and SWING Interview Questions


Question-153: Which containers use a border layout as their default layout?
Answer:
The Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.


Question-154: Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?
Answer:
The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.


Question-155: What are peerless components?
Answer:
The peerless components are called light weight components.


Question-156: Is the difference between a Scrollbar and a ScrollPane?
Answer:
A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container. A ScrollPane is a Container. A ScrollPane handles its own events and performs its own scrolling.


Question-157: What is a lightweight component?
 Answer:
Lightweight components are the one which doesn?t go with the native call to obtain the graphical units. They share their parent component graphical units to render them. For example, Swing components.


Question-158: What is a heavyweight component?
Answer:
For every paint call, there will be a native call to get the graphical units.For Example, AWT.


Question-159: What is an applet?
Answer:
An applet is a small java program that runs inside the browser and generates dynamic contents.


Question-160: Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as well as an application?
Answer:
Yes. Add a main() method to the applet.

Internationalization Interview Questions


Question-131:What is difference between ArrayList and Vector?
Answer:

ArrayList:


  1. ArrayList is not synchronized.
  2. ArrayList is not a legacy class
  3. ArrayList increases its size by 50% of the array size.

Vector:

  1. Vector is synchronized.
  2. Vector is a legacy class. 
  3. Vector increases its size by doubling the array size. 

Question-132: What is difference between ArrayList and LinkedList?
Answer:

ArrayList:


  1. ArrayList uses a dynamic array
  2. ArrayList is not efficient for manipulation because a lot of shifting is required.

Linked List: 

  1.  LinkedList uses doubly linked list. 
  2.  LinkedList is efficient for manipulation.


Question-133: What is difference between HashMap and Hashtable? 
Answer:

HashMap:


  1. HashMap is not synchronized. 
  2. HashMap can contain one null key and multiple null values.

Hashtable:

  1. Hashtable is synchronized. 
  2. Hashtable cannot contain any null key nor value. 


Question-135: What is hash-collision in Hashtable and how it is handled in Java?
Answer:
Two different keys with the same hash value. Two different entries will be kept in a single hash bucket to avoid the collision.


Question-136: What is difference between HashSet and HashMap?
Answer:
HashSet contains only values whereas HashMap contains entry(key,value).


Question:137: What is difference between HashMap and TreeMap?
Answer:

HashMap:


  1. HashMap is can contain one null key. 
  2. HashMap maintains no order.

TreeMap:


  1. TreeMapconnot contain any null key.
  2. TreeMap maintains ascending order.



Question-138:What is difference between HashSet and TreeSet?
Answer:
HashSet maintains no order whereas TreeSet maintains ascending order.


Question-142: What is difference between List and Set?
Answer:
List can contain duplicate elements whereas Set contains only unique elements.


Question-143: What is difference between Iterator and ListIterator?
Answer:
Iterator traverses the elements in forward direction only whereas ListIterator traverses the elements in forward and backward direction.


Question-144: Can you make List,Set and Map elements synchronized?
Answer:
Yes, Collections class provides methods to make List,Set or Map elements as synchronized: public static List synchronizedList(List l){}
public static Set synchronizedSet(Set s){}
public static SortedSetsynchronizedSortedSet(SortedSet s){} 
public static Map synchronizedMap(Map m){}
public static SortedMapsynchronizedSortedMap(SortedMap m){}


Question-145: What is difference between Iterator and Enumeration?
Answer:

Iterator:


  1. Iterator can traverse legacy and non-legacy elements.
  2. Iterator is fail-fast.
  3. Iterator is slower than Enumeration.

Enumeration:


  1. Enumeration can traverse only legacy elements.
  2. Enumeration is not fail-fast.
  3. Enumeration is faster than Iterator. 



Question-146: What is difference between Comparable and Comparator?
Answer:

Comparable:


  1. Comparable provides only one sort of sequence. 
  2. It provides one method named compareTo().
  3. It is found in java.lang package. 
  4. If we implement Comparable interface, actual class is modified. 

Comparator:


  1. Comparator provides multiple sort of sequences. 
  2. It provides one method named compare().
  3. it is found in java.util package.  
  4. Actual class is not modified. 



Question-147: What is the Dictionary class?
Answer:
The Dictionary class provides the capability to store key-value pairs.

Miscellaneous Interview Questions


Question-125: What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?
Answer:
The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented.


Question-126: Whatan I/O filter?
Answer:
An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.


Question-127: What is serialization?
Answer:
Serialization is a process of writing the state of an object into a byte stream.It is mainly used to travel object’s state on the network.


Question-128: What is Deserialization?
Answer:
Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from the serialized state.It is the reverse operation of serialization.


Question-129: What is transient keyword?
 Answer:
If you define any data member as transient,it will not be serialized.


Question-130:What is Externalizable?
Answer:
Externalizable interface is used to write the state of an object into a byte stream in compressed format.It is not a marker interface.


Question-131: What is the difference between Serializalble and Externalizable interface?
Answer:
Serializable is a marker interface but Externalizable is not a marker interface.When you use Serializableinterface, your class is serialized automatically by default. But you can override writeObject() and readObject() two methods to control more complex object serailization process. When you use Externalizable interface, you have a complete control over your class’s serialization process.


Question-132: How do I convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into a hostname like java.sun.com?
Answer:
By InetAddress.getByName(“192.18.97.39″).getHostName() where 192.18.97.39 is the IP address.


Question-133: What is reflection?
Answer:
Reflection is the process of examining or modifying the runtime behaviour of a class at runtime.It is used in:
IDE (Integreted Development Environment) e.g. Eclipse,MyEclipse,NetBeans. Debugger Test Tools etc.


Question-134: Can you access the private method from outside the class?
Answer:
Yes, by changing the runtime behaviour of a class if the class is not secured.

Collection Interview Questions


Question-117: What is Garbage Collection?
Answer:
Garbage collection is a process of reclaiming the runtime unused objects.It is performed for memory management.


Question-118: What is gc()?
Answer:
gc() is a daemon thread.gc() method is defined in System class that is used to send request to JVM to perform garbage collection.


Question-119: What is the purpose of finalize() method?
Answer:
finalize() method is invoked just before the object is garbage collected.It is used to perform cleanup processing.


Question-120: Can an unrefrenced objects be refrenced again?
Answer:
Yes.


Question-121: What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread?
Answer:
Daemon thread.


Question-122: What is difference between final, finally and finalize?
Answer:

  1. final: final is a keyword, final can be variable, method or class.You, can’t change the value of final variable, can’t override final method, can’t inherit final class.
  2. finally: finally block is used in exception handling. finally block is always executed.
  3. finalize():finalize() method is used in garbage collection.finalize() method is invoked just before the object is garbage collected.The finalize() method can be used to perform any cleanup processing.


Question-123:What is the purpose of the Runtime class?
Answer:
The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide access to the Java runtime system.


Question-124: How will you invoke any external process in Java?
Answer:
By Runtime.getRuntime().exec(?) method.

I/O Interview Questions


There is given a list of multi threading interview questions and answers. If you know any multi threading interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.

Question-100: What is multithreading?
Answer:

  • Multithreading is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.Its main advantage is: Threads share the same address space.
  • Thread is lightweight.
  • Cost of communication between process is low.



Question-101: What is thread?
Answer:
A thread is a lightweight subprocess.It is a separate path of execution.It is called separate path of execution because each thread runs in a separate stack frame.


Question-102: What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?
Answer:
Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.


Question-103: What does join() method?
Answer:
The join() method waits for a thread to die. In other words, it causes the currently running threads to stop executing until the thread it joins with completes its task.


Question-104: What is difference between wait() and sleep() method?
Answer:

  1. The wait() method is defined in Object class. The sleep() method is defined in Thread class. 
  2.  wait() method releases the lock. The sleep() method doesn’t releases the lock.



Question-105: Is it possible to start a thread twice?
Answer:
No, there is no possibility to start a thread twice. If we does, it throws an exception.


Question-106: Can we call the run() method instead of start()?
Answer:
yes, but it will not work as a thread rather it will work as a normal object so there will not be context-switching between the threads.


Question-107: What about the daemon threads?
 Answer:
The daemon threads are basically the low priority threads that provides the background support to the user threads. It provides services to the user threads.


Question-108: Can we make the user thread as daemon thread if thread is started?
Answer:
No, if you do so, it will throw IllegalThreadStateException .


Question-109: What is shutdown hook?
Answer:
The shutdown hook is basically a thread i.e. invoked implicitly before JVM shuts down. So we can use it perform clean up resource.


Question-110: When should we interrupt a thread?
Answer:
We should interrupt a thread if we want to break out the sleep or wait state of a thread. 

Core Java : Synchronization Interview Questions

The following interview questions are also the part of multi threading interview questions.


Question-111: What is synchronization?
Answer:
Synchronization is the capabilility of control the access of multiple threads to any shared resource.It is used:
To prevent thread interference. 
To prevent consistency problem.


Question-112: What is the purpose of Synchronized block?
Answer:
Synchronized block is used to lock an object for any shared resource.
Scope of synchronized block is smaller than the method.


Question-113: Can Java object be locked down for exclusive use by a given thread?
Answer:
Yes. You can lock an object by putting it in a “synchronized” block. The locked object is inaccessible to any thread other than the one that explicitly claimed it.


Question-114: What is static synchronization?
Answer:
If you make any static method as synchronized, the lock will be on the class not on object.


Question-115:What is the difference between notify() and notifyAll()?
Answer:
notify() is used to unblock one waiting thread whereas notifyAll() method is used to unblock all the threads in waiting state.


Question-116: What is deadlock?
Answer:
Deadlock is a situation when two threads are waiting on each other to release a resource. Each thread waiting for a resource which is held by the other waiting thread.

Garbage Collection Interview Questions

There is given a list of string handling interview questions with short and pointed answers. If you know any string handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.

Question-84:What is the meaning of immutable in terms of String?
Answer:
The simple meaning of immutable is unmodifiable or unchangeable. Once string object has been created, its value can’t be changed.


Question-85: Why string objects are immutable in java?
Answer:
Because java uses the concept of string literal. Suppose there are 5 reference variables,allreferes to one object “sachin”.If one reference variable changes the value of the object, it will be affected to all the reference variables. That is why string objects are immutable in java.


Question-86: How many ways we can create the string object?
Answer:
There are two ways to create the string object, by string literal and by new keyword.


Question-87: How many objects will be created in the following code?
String s1=”Welcome”;

String s2=”Welcome”;

String s3=”Welcome”;
Answer:
Only one object


Question-88: Why java uses the concept of string literal?
Answer:
To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists already in string constant pool.


Question-89: How many objects will be created in the following code?
String s=new String(“Welcome”);
Answer:
Two objects, one in string constant pool and other in non-pool(heap).


Question-90: What is the basic difference between string and stringbuffer object?
Answer:
String is an immutable object. StringBuffer is a mutable object.


Question-91: What is the difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder ?
Answer:
StringBuffer is synchronized whereas StringBuilder is not synchronized.


Question-92: How can we create immutable class in java ?
Answer:
We can create immutable class as the String class by defining final class .


Question-93: What is the purpose of toString() method in java ?
Answer:
The to String() method returns the string representation of any object. If you print any object, java compiler internally invokes the toString() method on the object. So overriding the toString() method, returns the desired output, it can be the state of an object etc. depends on your implementation. Core Java : Nested classes and Interfaces Interview Questions


Question-94: What is nested class?
Answer:
A class which is declared inside another class is known as nested class. There are 4 types of nested class member inner class, local inner class, annonymous inner class and static nested class.


Question-95: Is there any difference between nested classes and inner classes?
Answer:
Yes ofcourse! inner classes are non-static nested classes i.e. inner classes are the part of nested classes.


Question-96: Can we access the non-final local variable, inside the local inner class?
Answer:
No, local variable must be constant if you want to access it in local inner class.


Question-97: What is nested interface ?
Answer:
Any interface i.e. declared inside the interface or class, is known as nested interface. It is static by default.


Question-98: Can a class have an interface?
Answer:
Yes, it is known as nested interface.


Question-99: Can an Interface have a class?
Answer:
Yes, they are static implicitly.

Core Java : Multi Threading Interview Questions


There is given a list of exception handling interview questions with answers. If you know any exception handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.
Question-73: What is Exception Handling?
Answer:
Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors.It is mainly used to handle checked exceptions.


Question-74: What is difference between Checked Exception and Unchecked Exception?
Answer:

1) Checked Exception:

The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions e.g.IOException,SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time

 2)Unchecked Exception:

The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions e.g. ArithmeticException,NullPointerException etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time.


Question-75: What is the base class for Error and Exception?
Answer:
Throwable.


Question-76: Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?
Answer:
It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be followed by either a catch block OR a finally block. And whatever exceptions are likely to be thrown should be declared in the throws clause of the method.


Question-77: What is finally block?
Answer:
finally block is a block that is always executed.


Question-78: Can finally block be used without catch?
Answer:
Yes, by try block. finally must be followed by either try or catch.


Question-79: Is there any case when finally will not be executed?
 Answer:
finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort).


Question-80: What is difference between throw and throws?
Answer:

  1. throw is used to explicitly throw an exception. throws is used to declare an exception.
  2. checked exceptions can not be propagated with throw only. checked exception can be propagated with throws.
  3. throw is followed by an instance. throws is followed by class.
  4. throw is used within the method. throws is used with the method signature. 
  5. You cannot throw multiple exception You can declare multiple exception e.g. public void method()throws IOException,SQLException.



Question-81:Can an exception be rethrown?
Answer:
Yes.


Question-82: Can subclass overriding method declare an exception if parent class method doesn’t throw an exception ?
Answer:
Yes but only unchecked exception not checked.


Question-83: What is exception propagation ?
Answer:
Forwarding the exception object to the invoking method is known as exception propagation.

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